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Northern
Studies: General
Interest |
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Golubchikov,
S.N. THE ARCTIC SHELF - THE FUTURE OF RUSSIA |
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The
article presents Arctic shelf of Russia as an area of future
development. Great significance of the shelf for Russian
economy and politics is described. |
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Golubchikov,
S.N. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE NORTH ON THE BOUNDARY
OF MILLENIUMS
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This
article is devoted to problems of survival of the minority
of indigenous people of Russian North. The economic reforms during
the last
10 years had strong impacts on the lives of those people, led to
decrease in the quality of life and etc. The article is concerned
with problems resulting from reforms, political problems and
how they relate to the people of the north, problems of the local self-administration (local
powers) of the minority of the people of the Russian north. |
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Poznanin
V.L. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYSICO-GEOLOGICAL
PROCESSES IN THE CRYOLITHOZONE
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The new classification of the physico-geological
processes in the cryolithozone is described. Here it is
shown that every process is characterized by its own unique
combination of factors. This combination is referred
to as the "genetic code" of the process.
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Berry
(Berri) B. L. CYCLIC
REGULARITIES IN GLOBAL CLIMATIC, GLACIAL, PERIGLACIAL
AND GEOLOGICAL HISTORY (in English),
Resume
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View Options: HTML,
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Oscillations
with discrete periods (TJ=0.0752J/16y) under 2Ma have
been patterned inside the Sun system. The laws of
conservation of moment create spectra: AJ = a
S TJ 2,
where AJ - amplitudes, a
S - constants for series of
cycles. The cyclic regularities permit a common approach
to the investigations of the terrestrial processes of
the temperature distributions, sedimentation,
geodynamics of landscape, tectonics and the creation of
the time-space classification of landforms caused by
tectonic and climate processes. Modern latitudinal
permafrost has been created since 0.96 Ma BP. After the
Arctic Ocean was covered by pack-ice (0.7 Ma BP) the
long (~90 ka) glacial and short (~10 ka)
interglacial forces and auto-oscillatory processes have
determined surface changes. Periodical fluxes of heat
have destroyed the ice-sheets for only short times
periods, but could not eliminate permafrost.
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Koreisha,M.M. PERMAFROST
OF VAIGACH Island
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Presents a description of
the Vaigach Island: climate, relief, hydrographic nature, geological
structure, hydro-geological conditions, permafrost,
underground ice, cryogenic processes and formations.
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Badu
Yu.,B. GEOCRYOLOGICAL
PROBLEMS
OF GAS EXPLORATION
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All
gas deposits and perspective areas of the north of Russia
are located in essentially unequal geocryological
conditions, i.e. each deposit or area are characterized by
the whole complex of parameters of ice-bonded permafrost: a
geological and hydro-geological structure, potency, total
iciness, temperature, structure and iciness, heat-transfer
of a property, salting of breeds etc., - defining main
features of technology of construction of both operation of
gas slits and other trade objects. Obviously, the
violation of or the retreats from this technology will
reduce or already resulted in complications and failures on
gas squares. |
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More
Articles from other sites... |
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Geotechnical
and other Aspects |
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Grechishchev,
S.E. and Sheshin Yu.B. The
TEchNOGENIC GEOCRYOLOGICAL PROCESSES oN THE NORTHERN
AIRFIELDS
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Technogenic frozen soil cracking,
technogenic polygonal-wedge ice growing and technogenic
frost mound growing were investigated on the Amderma
airfield in the European north-east part of Russia. It was
found that for the 30 years of airfield maintenance the
whole asphalt-concrete cover on the surface of the runway
and other ways was fissured with a crack net. Three types of
fissures were discovered: (a) cracks due to the cover
building technique; (b) cracks due to the temperature
cracking of asphalt-concrete cover itself; (c) cracks due to
cryogenic cracking of frozen soil basement below the hard
cover. The cracks of the last type (c) were the most
numerous and the largest in the central and the eastern
parts of the runway. The conditions that were responsible
for the cracking and ice wedge growing in the cracks were
formed there. The conditions were the following: (a) low
soil temperature due to snow cover removal from runway
surface and (b) the peat layer on the depth of 1 m just
below sandy embankment. The frozen peat was observed
to be a sensitive media for thermal contraction and
cracking. The construction of the airfield led to
disturbance of hydrological and hydrogeological conditions
of the area. The results of the disturbances were the
following: (a) the supermoisturing of the marginal
soils in the northern part of the runway and (b) the
origination of the frost mounds there. |
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Sheshina
O.N. USE OF
PALINOLOGICAL DATA IN STUDIES OF THE PERMAFROST DYNAMICS
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The
results of geocryological investigations show that in the
Russian north even the sediments of the Quaternary
interglacial periods have the syngenetic "traces"
of permafrost. The technique developed by the author for
retrospective estimates of climatic and geocryological
situations using palinological data enables to carry out
conceptual stepwise mapping -
from palinocenological maps via the maps of restored
vegetative cover to paleopermafrost maps
- and to
determine the spectrum of states of perennially frozen rocks
during warming periods. On the basis of
intermediate paleovegetation maps the climatic
characteristics are reconstructed using the method of
superposed fields of climatic conditions under which the
species presently live. The accuracy of such reconstitution
depends on particularity with which the palinological
composition is determined and reaches, in its optimal
variant, (0.5-1.0)
°C for average multiyear temperatures of January and July;
20 mm
- for the
annual sum of precipitation; 5% -
for relative humidity of air during the driest month. The
superposition of
the obtained map of paleophytocenoses with the
lithologo-facies one, with due account for the restored
climatic parameters, makes possible a reconstitution of
geocryological situation in a cartographic reflection. The
use of the proposed technique in studying the Kazantsevsky
interglacial sediments (within its optimal phase) in
the north of West Siberia helped to estimate the extent of
insular distribution of permafrost during this period. The
seasonally thawed rocks were characterized by average annual
temperatures of 0
to -1
°C and a depth of seasonal thawing up to
2 m. The
seasonally frozen rocks occupied more than half of the
territory. Here, the areas composed of sands had average
annual temperatures from +1
to +2
°C and a depth of seasonal freezing of
1.5 to
2.5 m; the
forest-covered low-drained areas, composed of loams, had an
average annual temperature of rocks up to
+1 °C and a
depth of seasonal freezing of l.5to2.5m. |
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Grechishchev
S.E. and Grechishcheva O.V. MECHANISMS
OF THE TRANSITIONAL LAYER FORMATION AND STEADINESS OF
DAMS IN THE CRYOLITHOZONE
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A
transitional layer (TL) was isolated by V.K. Yanovskii, and
its system significance was established and investigated by
Yu.L. Shur. It was formed during freezing of a seasonally
thawing layer (STL) from beneath, and due to its high ice
content serves as YshelteYy for cryogenic ecosystems. A
one-dimensional mathematical model of the growth of ice
interbeds in the bottom part of STL during its freezing from
beneath was proposed on the basis of the earlier developed
physico-chemical mechanisms of water crystallization in
dispersed grounds. The following peculiarities of the ice
interbed growth in the transitional layer were established:
- the existence of the lower and upper limits of the heat
flow from beneath which are critical in view of the
conditions of the ice interbed growth; - the existence of
the critical thickness of the water-logged layer on the
bottom of STL which is minimally-necessary for the ice
interbed growth; - a sharp increase in the rate of ice
growth during freezing near the sand and clay contact.
Conditions of the ice interbed formation in TL inside and
near the ground dams were considered. Using the model
developed, we carried out the evaluating calculations of
some dams under the climate and geotechnical conditions of
Yamal. It was established that under certain real
conditions, ice interbeds of a TL type may form in the
bottom part of dams and at their foot and thus violate the
dam steadiness. |
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